As resistance to antibiotics is becoming increasingly common, it has become more important to understand the mechanism by which antibiotics work on bacterial cells, and to develop new antibiotics which can be used against ‘super bugs.’

In order to understand the process by which potential combinations of antibiotics kill multi-drug resistant bacterial cells, a joint force from Monash Engineering (Mr. Boyin Liu and Dr. Jing Fu) and Monash Pharmaceutical Sciences (Professor Jian Li and Dr. Tony Velkov) together with the MCN, the Australian Synchrotron and the University of Queensland have been working on novel imaging approaches to assess the cellular responses of bacterial cells to the treatment of antibiotics, including the last-resort polymyxins.

The team has used the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) tool at MCN to mill away 25nm slices of a cell of resistant bacterial isolate (Klebsiella pneumoniae) recently discovered in Queensland. After the removal of each slice, high-resolution scanning electron microscope images were taken and then reconstructed into a 3D model of a whole bacterial cell to reveal the effect of the antibiotic in different cellular regions.

The 3D models of both treated and untreated cells were reconstructed and compared. Their finding confirmed the invasion of polymyxin B on the cell envelope and the subsequent depletion of cytoplasmic materials. The results provided clear evidence for using rational antibiotic combinations to combat bacterial ‘superbugs.’

In the ongoing research, FIB is also being used to slice the bacterial cell to expose the interior surface, after which Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is employed to probe the intracellular changes and measure their mechanical properties. The investigators are also employing a single-molecule AFM tip functionalisation technique, Synchrotron imaging and secondary ion mass spectrometry to identify the chemical signatures due to antibiotic treatment. Their research is funded by the Australian NHMRC and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH).

You can read more about this project in this paper published in IOP Science in September this year.

Bringing together software packages from Synopsys, Coventor and TannerEDA, the ANFF Design House opens up new scope for device and process design outside of the lab. Available to all ANFF users, it focuses on packages for MEMS, semiconductor processing technologies and devices and 3D visualisation and will assist with device design and development.

Following its launch and initial training workshops in both the Tanner and Coventor Software Suites, Design House will be running an intensive workshop in applications of the Synopsys software in Sydney on Deceber 9 -11.

In a whirl-wind tour, Dr. Mary Ann Maher, the president and CEO of SoftMEMS, and Karen Lujan of Tanner EDA taught workshops in Perth, Melbourne, Brisbane and Sydney during October. Participants received training in the Tanner EDA analogue design tools and MEMS design environment and were given the opportunity to work on a design project under the guidance of Mary and Karen.

Intensive four day workshops were held in both Sydney and Perth on the Coventor software at the start of November. The workshops covered the basics of the suite but also delved into more specific applications such as capacitance response, noise simulation, gas damping and modeling of ultrasonic transducers.

Training for the Synopsys suite will run on December 9-11 at UNSW in Sydney and will include a basic introduction of TCAD concepts and tool usage, as well as sentaurus framework and visualisation, structure editor, process and device simulation, as well as an in-depth and hands-on 180nm CMOS case study. If you are interested in participating in this workshop, please email Design House coordinator, Shan Don.

Through generous contributions by MCN partner institutions, as well as two successful Australian Research Council (ARC) grants, the MCN has been able to install new imaging and characterisation equipment in the Class 10,000 cleanroom. This collaborative approach to funding and operating valuable equipment delivers benefit to all parties, with MCN’s expert staff on hand to run and maintain the equipment in an open-access environment, while minimising duplication.

Through the ARC LIEF scheme (2014), as well as contributions from Monash University, Victoria University and Deakin University, a grant entited “Micro Nanofluidic Characterisation Facility” has funded a Signatone WL-1160 RF/microwave probe station, associated spectral and network analysers, a scanning current microscope and a tensile testing instrument at MCN.

Useful for IV curve generation, measurement of sheet resistance and microwave probing, the Signatone probe station is designed for high-frequency (up to 67 Ghz), high-power, and millimetre wave applications where non-resonant operation is critical.

Its key features include 150mm & 200mm manual X-Y motion control, 50mm x 50mm microscope stage control and separate contact/platen height control with up to 30mm Z motion control of the plate. It holds up to four S-96MW microwave micropositioners and features a vibration isolation table

Applicants on this grant include Associate Professor Adrian Neild, Dr Mainak Majumder, Dr Tuncay Alan, Dr Jean-Michel Redoute, and Associate Professor Wenlong Cheng from Monash University, Professor Stephen Gray, Professor Mikel Duke and Dr Tze Huei Lai from Victoria University, and Associate Professor Abbas Kouzani, Dr Alexey Glushenkov, Professor Lingxue Kong and Dr Xiujuan Dai from Deakin University.

A recent ARC LIEF grant awarded funding for a new Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope at MCN, as well as a shared instrument between Monash University and the Australian Synchrotron and also an upgrade to a system at La Trobe University. For two months a year the spectroscopy system will be coupled to the IR beamline at the Australian synchrotron, to provide full IR spectral coverage available to all Australian and New Zealand scientists. A confocal raman spectrometer will be upgraded to the ultraviolet to provide spectra at less than 150 nanometre resolution. These systems will provide a unique Australian resource for nanoscientists, biomedical researchers and materials scientists requiring molecular information on the nanoscale.

This grant was co-funded under the MCN LIEF policy which contributes cash investment towards collaborative grants and encourages partners to pool resources to acquire cutting edge capabilities.

Applicants on this grant include Professor Donald McNaughton, Professor Douglas MacFarlane, Associate Professor Wenlong Cheng, Professor John Beardall and Dr Qiaoliang Bao from Monash University, Associate Professor David Beattie from the University of South Australia, Dr Evan Robertson, Dr Adam Mechler, Associate Professor Brian Smith, Dr Marc Kvansakul, and Associate Professor Matthew Perugini from La Trobe University, Dr Mark Tobin, Dr Dominque Appadoo and Dr Ljiljana Puskar from the Australian Synchrotron, and Professor Ann Roberts, Dr Shanshan Kou, and Dr Jiao Lin from the University of Melbourne.

MCN thanks all institutions who helped make these grants successful as well as the Australian Research Council for continuing to fund core infrastructure for nanofabrication.

Congratulations to Jiwei Cui et al from the University of Melbourne and the Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructureswho recently published “Super soft hydrogel particles with tunable elasticity in a microfluidic blood capillary model” in Advanced Materials. The paper explores super-soft PEG hydrogel particles with tunable elasticity which are prepared via a mesoporous silica templating method. The deformability behavior of these particles, in a microfluidic blood capillary model, can be tailored to be similar to that of human red blood cells. These results provide a new platform for the design and development of soft hydrogel particles for investigating bio-nano interactions. (see figure 1) 

Congratulations to MCN Staff Member, Fatima Eftekhari and Technology Fellows Wenlong Cheng and Qiaoliang Bao from Monash University who recently published “Giant Plasmene Nanosheets, Nanoribbons, and Origami" in ACS Nano. The paper introduces Plasmene— in analogy to graphene—as free-standing, one-particle-thick, superlattice sheets of nanoparticles from the “plasmonic periodic table.” The team report on a general bottom-up self-assembly approach to fabricate giant plasmene nanosheets as thin as ∼40 nm and as wide as ∼3 mm. In conjunction with top–down lithography, such robust giant nanosheets could be milled into one-dimensional nanoribbons and folded into three-dimensional origami. (see figure 2) 

Congratulations to Hsin-Hui Shen et al from Monash University, ANSTO and NIDDk, who recently published “Reconstitution of a nanomachine driving the assembly of proteins into bacterial outer membranes” in Nature Communications. The paper looks at various protein secretion devices of biological membranes which function as nanomachines. The translocation and assembly module (TAM) is a nanomachine required for virulence of bacterial pathogens. The group reconstituted a membrane containing the TAM onto a gold surface for characterization by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and magnetic contrast neutron reflectrometry (MCNR). This  enabled accurate measurement of protein domains projecting from the membrane layer. The reconstituted system provides a powerful new means to study molecular movements in biological membranes, and the technology is widely applicable to studying the dynamics of diverse cellular nano machines. (see figure 3) 

Congratulations to Yong Zhi Cheng et al from University of Adelaide, RMIT University and Huazong University who recently published "Ultrabroadband Plasmonic Absorber for Terahertz Waves" in Advanced Optical Materials. The paper looks at terahertz plasmonics which are used to demonstrate near-unity absorption across a broad spectral range. The absorber comprises a planar array of cross-shaped structures defined by surface etching of doped silicon. Absorbance of over 90% is observed numerically with a relative bandwidth of 90% from 0.67 to 1.78 THz, in reasonable agreement with experimental observation. This ultrabroadband absorption is attributed to two resonance modes supported by plasmonic cavities that are defined by the etched cross structure. This terahertz absorber is single-layered, polarization-insensitive, and exhibits consistent performance across a wide range of incidence angles. The plasmonic-based approach for enhancing absorption is a potential precursor to the realization of efficient bolometric imaging and communications at terahertz frequencies. (see figure 4) 

The MCN 2014 Public Seminar Series drew to a close last month with the energetic and fast-paced PhD Frenzy. Many people from the MCN community came together over the course of the series to learn from thought leaders and some of MCN’s most successful clients.

Diamond on demand grand opening

Presenting to a packed marquee, Dr. Alastair Stacey, Professor Steven Prawer and Professor Lloyd Hollenberg provided captivating examples of the real-world applications of synthetic diamond. Giving a brief history of synthetic diamond and its uses in scientific research, Dr Stacey placed MCN’s Diamond Deposition Suite in the broader context of global research, sharing his excitement for what it means to have two state-of-the-art systems available for use in Victoria. Professor Prawer followed this with a summary of the Bionic Eye project and the significance of diamond in the creation of high-acuity devices which can be safely and successfully implanted in the eye. Lastly Professor Hollenberg gave an overview of quantum reality and technology, leading into diamond-based quantum bio-sensing, including the creation of a Nano-MRI for biological systems and the real time imaging of neuronal networks.

Concluding the seminar, Minister Pyne delivered an address highlighting the Federal Government’s commitment to financing crucial scientific infrastructure through the continued funding of the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). This funding has now been confirmed with a value of $150 million from July 2015.

Officially launching MCN’s newly commissioned diamond deposition suite, Minister Pyne then participated in a tour of the centre, showing great interest in the work undertaken at the MCN and choosing to gown up and enter the cleanroom for a closer look.

Nanofabulous for industry

Held in May, the Nanofab-ulous for Industry seminar highlighted the exciting work of MCN’s industry clients, much of which has not previously been publicly shared.

Kicking off the morning, Vice President of Research and Development at Vaxxas, Angus Forster highlighted the evolution of the Nanopatch TM, discussing the common pitfalls of start up companies and the steps that Vaxxas are taking to avoid them. Noting MCN’s important role in maximizing the momentum gathered in the early stages of Vaxxas, Angus said that a significant aspect of development from a great concept to a great product is having access to local technology resources. Having access to facilities such as MCN minimizes the time between product concept and demonstrated clinical performance as well as the potential gap between functional product performance and the final manufactured product. Partnership with MCN has allowed Vaxxas to increase both yield and volume of production by transferring the DRIE process from 4 to 6 inch wafers and processing wafers in parallel by using both of MCN’s DRIE systems.

Managing Director of Eden BDM, Alex King discussed the development of the world’s first micro-flow battery for use in electric powered vehicles (EPV). Alex highlighted the breakthrough technology which has enabled design of the battery – Edenglass. Edenglass is a substance comprised of a series of self assembling nanoparticle capacitors which hold and amplify electric charge. Incorporating the Edenglass into a microfluidic design created at MCN, Eden BDM are focused on creating a new style of EPV battery to combat the issues with current devices namely their huge cost, weight, recharge requirements and safety concerns. Eden’s design would see 168 microfluidic chips stacked together to create a battery unit that is able to recapture the expended energy of a moving car, minimizing the need for recharging and allowing the EPV to reach potentially unlimited mileage.

Chairman and Director of MuPharma Pty Ltd, Harry Unger showcased SonoEye TM, the first non-invasive device used to deliver medication to the eye for the treatment of macular degeneration. Currently the only way to deliver treatment to the retina is with a series of monthly injections into the eye which are invasive, painful and hold a series of associated risks. In contrast the SonoEye TM Device is a hand held device that generates an ultrasound to move the chosen drug through a gel placed on the applicator, which when held on the cornea, increases the permeability of the target tissue and moves the drug through to the retina. Through design collaboration with MCN, MuPharma Pty Ltd was able to increase the efficacy of the SonoEye TM and extend its impact for customers.

Director of Research and Development at Innovia Security, Gary Power shared how optically variable devices such as holograms have helped create counterfeit proof banknotes, drivers’ licenses and educational certificates. Having just celebrated 25 years of polymer banknote technology, Innovia Security, in conjunction MCN, have developed a new manufacturing capability for these devices which utilize nanofabrication techniques to write 75GB of data into a one inch square image for the creation of highly detailed, refractive holograms.

Managing Director and founder of Micro-X Pty Ltd, Peter Rowland discussed the development of a lightweight, mobile medical x-ray system for hospitals. Working closely with MCN in its quest for an efficient, miniature, high performance cold-cathode x-ray tube, Micro-X have utilized carbon nanotubes, to create an energy efficient system which is much smaller then typical x-ray systems, enabling easier portability and maneuverability.

The seminar provided an amazing insight into just some of the exciting work that is carried out at MCN and the extensive range of fields for which nanofabrication can be relevant.

PhD Frenzy

Thirteen of MCN’s brightest and most passionate students took to the stage in late June to share their theses and the work they have been undertaking at MCN. The students spoke on a range of topics from the manipulation of microfluidic systems to nano-optics, from MEMS resonators to photonic crystals, highlighting the importance of their work and the methods they are utilising, all in under 2 minutes each.

The panel of judges, comprising Professor Michael Fuhrer, Professor Mike James, Brett Henderson and Julie Rothacker, judged the students on their presentation style and content, asking a further question into the science and commerciality of their work following each presentation.

Taking out the grand prize of the iPad Air in first place, David Collins gave an energetic and witty presentation on the manipulation of microfluidic systems using surface acoustic waves. He highlighted how future sensing devices could be incorporated in household items such as toilets to warn people of illness before symptoms show.

In second place, Romiza Mazid discussed the stability of biomolecules using ionic liquids, passionately describing the importance of this work in the creation of stable vaccine solutions for the third world, in order to remove the necessity for refrigeration and specific storage environments.

Tied in third place, Upulie Divisekera spoke of her mission to cure cancer through the delivery of nanoaprticles across cell membranes through engineered pore forming proteins in order to best deliver drugs to the site of cancer, while Masrur Morshed Nahid gave the audience a glimpse into the future where phones are both flexible and transparent and where laptops can be worn as a wristband. Discussing organic electronics polymer film morphology and device physics, Nahid showcased the science behind the vision for these future devices.

MCN thanks all those who participated in the event and helped to make it such a success.

Over the last six months, MCN staff have embarked on a mission to overhaul systems to make MCN a more efficient, organised and methodical workplace by undertaking a Lean training and business improvement program.

The program looks at optimising the processes and systems already in place to make them more efficient and simple for all employees and users to follow. This is especially important at MCN as many processes must be followed by a wide range of staff, visitors and users, with a range of experience levels.

All MCN technical staff are now accredited under the Lean program and have implemented a 5S program -  sort, set in order, shine, standardize, sustain – to provide a system of reliability and accountability in all facets of MCN’s day-to-day activities. This is an industry standard that provides a structured, productive and clean working environment and includes the implementation of cleaning rosters, labelling systems to ensure shared items are kept in the right place, removal of unnecessary items in shared spaces, systems for stock replenishment, as well as instrument care and maintenance.

Many users will have noticed the signs of the 5S program around the MCN building in the labs, cleanrooms and shared meal and meeting spaces. On Monday September 1, MCN will be running a  5S training day for registered users of the facility. The session will start at 11 with a workshop in the boardroom and will include a light lunch. This will then be followed with a hands-on session in the labs from 2-5pm.

All users are strongly encouraged to attend the training workshop and are asked to assist with the implementation of this program by following rosters, replacing items in their correct place and taking note of signs and labels around the building. Through working together to follow these new systems, staff and users can work together to build a stronger, safer and more productive workplace for everyone.

MCN’s bi-annual induction refresher will be running from 10-11am on the morning of the 5S training session, as well as all the other days that week (1 – 5 September) so that users are able to attend both in succession. Both events will be held in the MCN board room and registration is not required.

Flexible electronics and lightweight pressure sensing devices are expanding the boundaries of technology into the fields of soft robotics, electronic skins and flexible displays. Current rigid circuit board technologies are limited in their applications, particularly with regards to medical devices and bionics. MCN Technology Fellow, Associate Professor Wenlong Cheng from Monash University, has been leading a team in the development of stretchable, elastomeric conductors for use in pressure sensing.

The focus of this project is the creation of pressure sensors which enable portable pulse and heart rate monitoring, as well as body movement sensing and are hoped to ultimately lead to electronic skin as the future of medical devices.

Flexible electronics have been the focus of much research attention recently, with work involving various nanomaterials, nanowires, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles and grapheme being undertaken. Most of these are based on force-induced changes in capacitance or piezo-electricity, while Associate Professor Cheng’s group has been creating sensors based on resistive pressure. The advantage of this approach is the simplicity of the device fabrication as well as the relatively low amount of energy required to operate the device.

Utilising the facilities at MCN, his team has developed a simple, yet efficient, low-cost nanotechnological approach to integrating ultrathin gold nanowires into tissue paper to create a flexible sensor. The gold nanowires are just 2nm thick, yet tens of microns long and are both mechanically flexible and robust. Once nanowires have been soaked into tissue paper, it is then sandwiched between two thin layers of PDMS  - one blank and the other patterned with an interdigitated electrode array - and attached to wiring to create a wearable sensor that can provide readings of blood pressure, heart rate and body movement. Such sensors are so sensitive, that tiny forces from blood pulses and acoustic vibrational forces can be accurately detected. What’s more, these devices are robust and can be fabricated in large quantities at low cost using scalable wet chemistry processing steps.

This development of soft electronics holds huge potential for portable health monitoring devices. Associate Professor Cheng will be looking at the commercial development of this project next.

Associte Professor Cheng can be heard discussing these sensors on the BBC radio program, Click. The interview starts approximately 6 minutes into the show.

You can read more about this project in the Nature Communications Paper, published in February 2014.